Diabetes mellitus is one of Sudan's most common chronic diseases, with 447,000 people diagnosed in 2000 and a projected prevalence of 1,227,000 by 2030. (World Health Organization, 2011). Chronic hyperglycemia caused by abnormalities in insulin production, insulin action, or both, as well as disruptions in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, leads to long-term organ damage, malfunction, and failure.

Diabetes mellitus is one of Sudan's most common chronic diseases, with 447,000 people diagnosed in 2000 and a projected prevalence of 1,227,000 by 2030. (World Health Organization, 2011). Chronic hyperglycemia caused by abnormalities in insulin production, insulin action, or both, as well as disruptions in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, leads to long-term organ damage, malfunction, and failure. The metabolic syndrome includes glucose intolerance, T2DM, atherogenic dyslipidemia, CVD, high blood pressure, HTN, and central obesity. Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolic disorder in which the amount of circulating lipids and lipoproteins in the blood is abnormal (Giuliano and Caramelli, 2008). Increased TG and LDL-C levels, as well as a decline in HDL-C levels, indicate this (Expert Panel on Detection and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in, 2001). These anomalies all occur in the same person, resulting in a slew of risk factors that typically manifest at the same time (Sattar, et al., 2003). In addition, one of these abnormalities commonly arises before the other (Schutta, 2007). The metabolic syndrome is defined as the presence of three or more of the following metabolic disorders: Obesity in the abdomen and waist circumference Hypertriglyceridemia is characterized by high TG levels (TG 150 mg/dL), low HDL-C levels (HDL-C 40 mg/dL in men and 50 mg/dL in women), high blood pressure (SBP 130 mmHg, DBP 85 mmHg), and elevated FPG 110 mg/dL. (Matthews, et al., 1985). Lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations are normally 60-70 percent LDL-C, 20-30 percent HDL-C, and 10–15 percent VLDL of total serum cholesterol (Expert Panel on Detection and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in, 2001).

A case-control study was undertaken in Gezira State, Sudan, between April 2012 and March 2013, to establish the link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and an increased risk of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease in the Sudanese population. The study enrolled 200 people who met the eligibility requirements. The participants were from the Wad Madani district's rural and urban areas. 100 patients with T2DM and 100 persons who appeared to be healthy participated as part of a control group or (non-diabetic) group to examine FPG, Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C, and lipid profile (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG). Samples were analyzed for several biochemical parameters using the A15, a random access auto-analyzer bio system. Personal information, as well as anthropometric and biochemical data, were entered into a questionnaire. After each respondent gave their verbal agreement, venous blood was taken after an overnight fast. The participants in this study ranged in age from 18 to 60 years old, were healthy, and did not have diabetes. A subject was discarded if he or she failed to meet any of the inclusion criteria. Individuals who appeared to be healthy and granted their assent made up the non-diabetic group. All patients and controls provided bio data and anthropometry paperwork after receiving permission (weights and heights were confirmed in kilograms (kg) and meters (m), and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: BMI = (weight in kilograms)/(height in meters)2 (Ng M, 2014). A statistical software for social sciences was used to analyse quantitative data (SPSS version 16, Chicago, IL, USA). The numerical data was presented as means with standard deviations for all of the variables. The Chi-square test was used to calculate the fraction of the study participants' distribution. To compare means between groups in both research areas, post hoc tests (Tuky-HSD) were used. Significant P-values of 0.05 or below (p=0.05) were used.

The study participants were 100 cases (50%) for all diabetic and non-diabetic participants. 143(71.5%) of the study participants were female, whereas 57 (28.5%) participated were male. Increased WC was found in 77 (77.0%) diabetic and 68(68.0%) non- diabetic. Just 45 (24.9%) of study subjects had a standard BMI, while 78 (39.0%) were overweight and 73(36.5%) were obese. 128 (64.0 %) of participants embroiled in moderate physical activity. FPG levels were high in 98 (49.0 %) of study subjects, while HbA1C control was impoverished in 156 (78.0 %). Tukey- HSD test showed that the BMI mean was (28.95) and it increased significantly by (0.001) pointed to that the participants were obese. The mean concentrations of FPG (151.94) and HbA1c (6.83) in diabetic and non-diabetic groups with highly significant (p=>0.0001) for both. SBP mean was (116.45) with highly significant (0.017) and DBP mean was (79.34) with significant (0.032) indicating tendency to elevated blood pressure. TC showed non-significant increase in their mean concentrations(196.28). HDL-C mean showed  high risk (54.28) with non-significant increased. LDL-C mean showed above optimal concentration level (105.75) with non-significant increased. TG mean concentration was (158.86)  with significant increased (0.057). Lipid profile of study participants showed no differences in TC and LDL-C and HDL-C, but TG showed significant increased. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure  showed significant increase in all study participants. Study population with T2DM was at high risk to develop metabolic syndrome. 

Acknowledgements: We would like to express our appreciation to all stakeholders, especially the diabetic patients of Al-Gezira State for engaging their time and efforts for us in order to conduct this study.

Disclosure of conflict of interest: none.