The present article appraises how population increase affects psychology, manners and social behavior of the people in a society. One of the most important reflections of demographic change is aging people being caused by the development of science and technology in various contexts. The atmosphere created has highly affected the psychology of the people. Therefore, the changing behavior of the present generation also affects the next generation's behavior, and the change will continue in a vicious circle manner leading to a great social change. In this way, the whole lifestyle is exposed to an enormous change in the future. Overall, psychological reflection of demographic change is crystallized in the form of a generation gap which is ever continuing.

Sociologically speaking, demographic change features various psycho-social outcomes. Such a multi- dimensional change creates various effects in the material and non-material life of all the individuals in all societies. Population change causes a sort of fluctuation in the attitudes and values of both men and women, namely their attitudes toward work, education, marriage, child birth and many more with special  reference to the developing societies. Population increase makes people ill-tempered and ill-mannered. The phenomenon has so far caused increasing divorce within young generations, and increasing elderly people in others. Therefore, such a population surge needs more security, insurance and functional social work to supervise the people in need of food, housing and income. The study of population is always done in two ways:

1) Statistical study of the population.

2) The study of population movements, namely research on the four components of the population including mortality, birth rate, migration and fertility. All the four components affect the psychology as well as the social value system of the individuals. However, world population being around 1 billion people in 1800, increased to 7.8 billion people in 2021 (WPDS, 2021). Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological and social well-being. It influences cognition, perception, and behavior. It also determines how an individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships and decision-making (About Mental health, 2022).

Demography, or the scientific study of population, examines all areas that affect, or are affected by, population, including population size, population distribution, composition, structure, and changes in population. Although demography is basically a family of social sciences, it is related to various sciences such as biology, mathematics, geography, sociology, economics, political science and the like. Any analysis of the dynamics and change of the population itself includes the three stages of fertility (birth), mortality (death) and migration (geographical movement of the population from one point to another). It is from the interactions and changes in these indicators that changes in demographic characteristics as well as social, political and economic changes appear (Tamboudiri: 1996).

In other words, demography as a science of population study is divided into two parts, namely, formal demography, which collects, compiles, analyzes and presents demographic information, and social demography, which defines the population in its social context. is studying. Social demography studies demographic patterns and changes in its cultural context. For example, it helps the researcher to recognize that child mortality among the poor is higher than the rich, and demographic topics generally consist of two sections: theoretical demography, which is the same as demographic theories, and decomposition. And demographic analysis. What is at stake in this article is a review of population theories and theories and a comparison of the past with the present. It should be noted that demographics have a relatively long history, and the first person to speak on demographic issues was the Englishman John Grant in 1662, but at that time the population had not yet grown enough to address demographic issues. . Robert Malthus, an Englishman, is another scientist who has discussed most demographic issues and theories. He was one of the founders of the science of demography, who in 1789 proposed population theories and put the population in relation to social and economic issues, thereby giving warnings about future population growth. Malthus believed that the economy is not separate from the population and that a complete economy can deliver a decent and efficient population to society, as well as an efficient and proportionate population? It can create a healthier economy. Therefore, these two are necessary for each other. It is noteworthy that the word population and demography was first mentioned in France in the encyclopedia "Achilles Giard" in 1855.

Demography has been used as an applied science since the twentieth century and the need to apply it has been felt more than ever in the past. Demography is the "forecast of the future given the rate of population growth and available resources." As a result, many of the welfare issues currently seen in Western and industrialized countries are due to the application of different population theories and policies. They have come to the conclusion that a smaller population means a better economy, which is itself one of the keys to socio-economic success in those countries.

The demographers of Europeans, especially the French and later Britain and the United States, were the founders. During the years 1945-50 and after, there was a change in the population in the third world countries, and as a result, special attention was paid to this issue. We know that population is related to resources and on the other hand, resources are unlimited, so the science of demography connects population with resources, and the needs of the population with existing resources and scientifically coordinates.

One of the factors that divided the world into two parts is industry and population. Today, countries are divided into two types: first, economically, which countries have higher GDP, and second, in terms of population, means conditions in which demographic indicators such as population growth, fertility, mortality, etc. Be desired. It is certain that societies with high population growth are involved in demographic problems, and this has caused their other situations to be disrupted and they cannot achieve their goals. That is, if a country wants to have a favorable economic and social situation, it must also consider the issue of population growth. Another issue with the population is the issue of population aging and the economic, social and cultural consequences that come with it, which is inevitable. Using demography, we can make an effort to improve the lower parts of the age pyramid, but it should be noted that the upper parts of the pyramid also become wider, ie the population gets older. The problem of aging is quite evident in Western and industrialized countries, but they have also taken the necessary measures for it and provided the facilities needed by this vulnerable group. But in developing countries there is a problem with this because there is no precise planning and facilities for them.

Another issue discussed in demography is the issue of "migration", which occurs mainly in developing countries. Such countries do not have the capacity to prevent migration. Given that in these countries about 200 years ago this problem did not exist at all, but following the socio-economic changes, this trend began. Immigration itself has advantages and disadvantages and is sometimes problematic, that is, when the young population migrates, the birth rate in the land of the migrant increases and the rate decreases in the land of the first emigrant. Under these conditions, the young population decreases and the number of elderly people increases in the first immigrant lands. As a result, economic efficiency also declines in those areas because they have lost an active and efficient population. Hence, migration affects the structure and composition of the country, as well as the birth rate of immigrant and first-time immigrant communities. In order to prevent some migration, we need to look at populations. Migration upsets the balance between urban and rural communities. When the nutritional conditions and facilities in these two communities are very different and at the same time the population growth is high, the excess population inevitably migrates to urban areas that have welfare and nutritional facilities, so the displacement Somewhere and a large population disturbs the balance of city and village. It should be added that the science of demography can be used to solve a series of crises caused by overpopulation, that is, to treat the population in a scientific way. In this way, we can largely prevent various economic, social, political, etc. crises that occur in society. In other words, in order to prevent a crisis, it is necessary to stop its population growth to a large extent and to keep the population in a proportionate size.

The most important crisis in society is the problem of food shortages, and this is what Robert Malthus has raised (if the population grows beyond a certain level, there will be food shortages, followed by hunger and poverty). In a country like India, where this problem has existed, it has now largely succeeded in overcoming this problem by controlling the population and increasing agricultural production following the improvement of technology.

In connection with economic problems and political crises, it should be noted that whenever a country is unable to solve its economic and social problems, opposition groups use this issue and turn the people against the government, so most of these countries are involved in revolutions and There are successive coups that are rooted in bad economic conditions, unemployment and so on.

In general, demographic issues can be examined at both micro and macro levels. In micro-demography, the most discussed is the relationship between the smallest social unit, the family unit, while in macro-demography, the field of study is larger than the family unit, ie the larger community. Finally, it should be added that identifying the general situation of a society, including birth rate, mortality, migration and fertility in this topic is desired and by obtaining and collecting information from each family in the community can reach the population. Macro-science has arrived.

Method of Research

Methodology used in the present article is of qualitative type. In that, various paradigms have been used to find out about the facts regarding pandemics during the history. Qualitative research usually studies people, events or areas in their natural settings. In finding facts for the research, the researcher engaged in careful data collection and thoughtful analysis of what was relevant. In the documentary research applied for the present research, printed and written materials were widely regarded. The research was performed as a qualitative library-type in which the researcher had to refer to the relevant and related sources. In the current research, various documents were thoroughly investigated, and the needful inferences were made. The data fed by the investigator in the present article is hopefully reliable. Though literature on pandemics is very limited, yet the author tried to investigate many different resources in order to elicit the necessary information to build up the text.

Methods used in demography

The study of populations is always done in two ways: 1) Statistical study of the population, 2) The study of population movements, which means research on the four components of the population, namely, mortality, birth rate, migration and fertility. Also, it should be added that the population movements are of two types, namely:

 A: Social movements that mean people have access to a better position in society, that is, the promotion of people and ...

B: Geographical movements that aim to move population from one region to another, ie migration, as mentioned earlier, has treated demography as a science, so this science, like other sciences, must have its own methods. To survey and measure populations through it. In general, the methods used in this science to obtain information are:

1- Observation method: In this method, demography is common with other sciences.

2 - Method of recording records: In this method, by collecting documents and records of the subject is recorded, which is used in other sciences.

3- Census method: This method is 200 years old in the modern style. For example, Japan is one of the countries that has a long history of using this method. Census method is one of the major and important methods of data collection in demography. In developing societies and the Third World, censuses have become more common in the last 50-40 years. Similarly, after World War II, the United Nations identified more populations and helped countries conduct their own censuses. It is noteworthy that the United Nations has a major role to play in informing countries.

The organization publishes an annual book called the Demographic Yearbook. It has also established a demographic office since 1947, with the bulk of its activities devoted to research and dissemination of demographic information.

In general, demographic information is collected by countries through censuses, which are usually conducted every 10 years, which is widely used nationally as a framework, key to planning, and internationally for comparative studies.

Types of census

Censuses are mainly conducted in different countries according to their facilities by the following methods:

1- Injury census: In this method, everyone, including legal entities, has the right to be counted, therefore, absent persons are also considered. The census takes place in about 10 days and about 90% of the countries in the world use this method. In Iran, a census is conducted in this way every 10 years. We need to know that in this method, each person in their household is counted. Because this method of census takes place in a few days, it costs more.

2 - Dofacto census: In this method, the entire population of the country is counted in one day; In other words, a census is conducted of the entire population, both native and foreign, who are present in the country at the time of the census. Egypt, New Zealand and Turkey are among the countries that conduct their census in a de facto manner every five years.

A noteworthy point about data collection and population statistics laws is that this information must be kept confidential in all countries. In addition, about 70% of the questions in the questionnaires can be compared internationally, and 30 to 40% of the questions are asked according to the specific social and economic situation of the countries.

The evolution of the world's population

The process of its growth and distribution in the past, present and future

The latest United Nations population estimates for the world show that by mid-1993, the world population had reached about 5.6 billion. Statistical studies show that the world's population growth has been declining in recent years, ie its annual growth rate has decreased from 2% during 1955-65 to 1.8% in the 1970s and beyond. The general trend of population growth indicates that population growth after reaching its peak, has started a downward trend and it is expected that this trend will continue in a way that with an annual growth rate of 1.51 during the years 1955-2000. The absolute population of the world will reach 6.12 billion in 2000. As shown in Table 1, the population of different parts of the world during the years 1989-1960 with different fluctuations, has been largely unevenly distributed. Different population distribution in different parts of the world, in addition to historical causes, has been influenced by industrial, economic, and social dynamics and mobility factors on the one hand, and poverty, ignorance, and high birth rates on the other. Communities that have had demographic stability in recent years have been able to maintain their standard of living and prevent overpopulation.

Source: 

1. United Nations Demographic Year Book, Table 1, P.143, 1984.
2. 1989 World Population Data Sheet, PRB.
3. * All of Europe, including Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Southern Europe

* Includes the Russian Federation.

** Includes Pacific Islands.

Source: Population and Development Review, Vol.25, No.3, Sep.1999.

As it can be seen from Table 3, the rate of population growth in different parts of the world under the influence of different cultural, social, economic and ... factors are significantly different from each other. For example, the average population growth rate in Africa is 50% higher than the same figure in Asia. Also, as the figures show, the average population growth rate in Europe is estimated to be one-sixth of the global average. It is noteworthy that such an average for Europe has been obtained after going through various economic, social and cultural ups and downs. Birth and mortality rates also vary widely around the world, the highest being in Africa, followed by parts of Asia.

Today, countries are divided into developed and developing groups. Developed countries are distinguished from developing countries by a series of different social and economic indicators, which are: higher per capita income, higher literacy and educational status, population ratio. More urbanization, lower birth rates, lower population growth rates, better and higher position of women, better means of transportation and communication, better health facilities, more energy consumption and.

1.United Nations Demographic Year Book, Table 1, P.143, 1984.

2. 1989 World Popaulation Data Sheet, PRB.

The United Nations has called economically developed countries "more developed" and economically backward countries "less developed." According to the United Nations, the "most developed" regions include the following:

1) North America, 2) Japan, 3) Europe, 4) Australia and New Zealand, 5) The former Soviet Union and 6) Moderate South America. In demographic-economic terms, such countries are developed and countries that are in the dynamic stage of social and economic development are called developing).

Because the countries of the world are divided into developed and developing groups, from a demographic point of view, each group has its own characteristics. Developed countries such as European countries, the United States, Canada and Japan have a birth rate of less than 20 per thousand and a death rate of less than 15 per thousand population and a total growth rate of less than 1%. It should be noted that in 1989, a number of countries such as Denmark and Italy had zero population growth and some such as Germany and Hungary had negative population growth (-0.1 and -0.2). On the other hand, most Asian countries. , Africa and Latin America have high birth rates of more than 37 per thousand and growth rates of more than 2% per year. The developing countries of China and South Korea have an exceptional situation, with birth rates of 21 and 19 per thousand, respectively. Their annual population growth rate is estimated at 1.4 and 1.3 percent in 1989, respectively. While the population of developing societies doubles rapidly in a short period of time, for example, countries like Italy double the population growth rate of zero percent in 2310 years, or Austria doubles the population growth rate of 0.1 percent. The year doubles in 1155, while the population of countries such as Kenya and Iran doubles in 17 and 20 years with annual growth rates of 4.1 and 3.4 percent, respectively. Emigrants from Asia, Africa, and South America, with their rapid demographic prospects, need to significantly reduce their birth rates. Such countries, because of their population structure, have to bear the heavy burden of the young population (population under 15).

Another characteristic of the world's population is that in the late 1980s, almost three-quarters of the world's population lived in less developed areas that were economically disadvantaged. Such countries, which are getting worse day by day, have a huge base population and rapid population growth. Such countries have very different per capita incomes than industrialized countries. In 1989, countries such as Switzerland, the United States and Canada had per capita income of $ 21,250, $ 18,430 and $ 080.15 per year, respectively, while Mozambique, Bangladesh and Nepal had per capita income, respectively. They were equal to $ 150, $ 160 and $ 160 per year. Income difference between rich and poor more than 140 times!

Source: Webster Andrew, Introduction to the Sociology of Development, Macmillan 1991.

From a demographic point of view, the main reason for these differences, which has itself led to the poverty of nations, is the explosive growth of the population. According to some thinkers, this phenomenon is known as one of the three major obstacles to world progress such as the hydrogen bomb, overcrowding and the gap between rich and poor.

World population growth history

Reliable figures for the growth and population of the world from early times are not available. What is at hand is based on theory and conjecture. The basis of demography is statistics and demographic information obtained through census. Such statistics were scientifically obtained through census operations for the first time since the early nineteenth century in some countries. It is noteworthy that even by the end of World War II, a number of Third World countries had not yet conducted a census. It should come as no surprise, then, that population size data has become more common in recent times, when most countries have conducted population censuses. Prior to 1900, most demographic information had no scientific basis and was incomplete, and the more we go back in time, the more demographic information is based on wise conjecture. In the last few years, scientists have tried to present a picture of world population growth over the centuries based on historical, anthropological and biological evidence, and by combining this evidence.

The United Nations has tried to provide estimates of major world populations since the 1920s after carefully examining available data. Estimates by Walter-F.-Wilcox-WM-Car Sanders also provide valid and referenced figures of the world's population by region for the years 1900-1650. It is noteworthy that there are slight differences in the figures and population estimates obtained by different scientists. This in itself seems inevitable. Such discrepancies may be seen in some of the tables in this paper, which we hope are justified.

The history of the world's population up to 1900 shows the continuous struggle of man with nature and his success in adapting to the conditions, and surrounding himself and his environment. At each stage of human expansion and development in the direction of the increasing power of human adaptation to the environment and its environment, tangible demographic changes have taken place, which we will examine aspects of it as much as possible.

Table 5 shows the growth of the world's population over a long period of time, from 10,000 BC to 1985 AD. The figures show the fact that before the 1650s, the growth rate of the human race was very slow. All available evidence indicates that the population growth trend during that period was zigzag and its increase was recorded very gradually. Archaeological evidence, on the other hand, suggests that around 10,000 BC, about the end of the Ice Age, the human race was very diverse on Earth. People needed large tracts of land, even for small groups, because people had to make a living through hunting and fishing. The population size at that time was estimated to be very small, ranging from 0,100 to 1,000,000. With the passage of man through various environments and the improvement of his means of food preparation, the number of human beings also increased, so that in the year 5000 BC, the size of the world's population was estimated between 5 and 20 million people.

References:

1. Ralph Thomlinson, Population Dynamics, N. Y, P. 13, 1965. 

2. United Nations Demographic Year Book, 1962, 1982 & 1985.

With the settlement of man and the adoption of agricultural life, that is, with the production of food through agriculture, and with the help of domestic animals, that is, with the subsistence of livelihood through hunting, a major change has taken place in human life. Formed communities centered on the city, the central city community, and the results of the population itself were significant. With the rise of central city communities, along with advances in agriculture, a belt of dense populations emerged that stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to India in southwest Asia and from the South Asian oasis to China, where population growth in peacetime increased rapidly. And in conditions of war and natural disasters such as drought, famine and infectious diseases have been very small. The population growth trend in this period was very fast for a short time and then suddenly declined. Under normal circumstances, away from war and natural disasters, the death toll dropped somewhat. In such circumstances, with the birth rate remaining constant and the mortality rate decreasing, a gradual increase in the population appeared.

Table 5 shows the increasing trend of world population. The history of world population growth from 10,000 BC to 1900 AD reflects the fact that until 1650 AD, the world population growth trend was very slow, while from 1650 onwards the population increased relatively rapidly. Population growth rate increased from 0.1% per year to 0.6% per year.

Rapid population growth, which is caused by various economic, social, cultural and ... factors, is a new and unprecedented phenomenon. The peak of population growth is not more than a quarter of a century old. Developments in health, nutrition, literacy, and other factors have greatly reduced the number of deaths and, as a result, increased the population, especially in Third World countries.

Another indicator of population growth is the duration of its doubling. This index is estimated at 3950 years in the mid-seventeenth century, 1650 years, and in 1989, when the world population was 5.2 billion and its annual growth rate was 1.8 percent, assuming a population growth rate of 8.8 1 percent constant, after 39 years the world's population of 5.2 billion will increase to approximately 10.4 billion. That is, 70 divided by 1.8 = 39

As mentioned earlier, world population growth has been very rapid since the 1950s, especially in the developing countries of Asia, Latin America, and Africa. As a result, population growth on the three continents is estimated at 36 years for Asia, 33 years for Latin America, and 24 years for Africa in 1989, respectively. The development of technology and health has created such a situation and it is hoped that family planning and birth control programs can increase the above index.

As the population growth chart shows, most parts of the world initially had a similar growth trend. From the beginning of the twentieth century, when the socio-economic structure in developed countries changed, the reproductive behavior of men and women also underwent major changes, which in turn led to a decrease in population growth. The opposite of this situation, ie poverty, low standard of living, etc., has maintained the population growth index in the developing parts of the world and even increased it in many cases.

References:

1. A. A. Bhende & T. Kanitkar, Principles of Population Studies, 1988.

2. 1989 World Population Data sheet, PRB.

3. 1999 World Population Data Sheet.

Population growth on different continents

After the Industrial Revolution, the rate of population growth in all regions and continents has not been uniform. Before that, during the seventeenth century, Europe's population grew very slowly due to various problems and calamities. Problems such as cold weather, famines and shortages of crops, wars and infectious diseases hindered population growth. In the eighteenth century, the mortality rate on that continent improved due to socio-economic development. This followed first the agricultural revolution and then the industrial revolution. The decrease in mortality was partly due to greater food availability and partly due to improvements in law and order and a better standard of living. The move, a decline in public mortality, was also driven by advances in medical technology, environmental health and public health in Europe. Throughout the nineteenth century, Europe's population grew rapidly. During the second decade of the twentieth century, the average annual population growth rate was reported to be 0.89 percent, while before the period 1920-1900, a decrease in the average population growth rate in Europe was recorded. This decline was mainly due to the casualties of World War I. The low population growth rate of 0.75% during the 1940s and 1930s was also the result of the Great Depression, during which people avoided marriage and having children. In the early 1950s and 1940s, Europe again reached its lowest population growth rate in several centuries, 0.05 percent, due to the effects of World War II.

After World War II, following the economic recovery, there was a period of "baby boom" in Europe, which pushed the average population growth rate back to high levels, which continued until 1956. After this trend, the population began to decline. The cycle of decreasing and increasing population growth depends on the economic and social conditions of the time. When looking at the population growth rates of Russia and other parts of Europe separately, it can be seen that in periods when Europe had a low population growth, Russia had a relatively high growth rate.

North America

Studies of the American population show that during the second half of the eighteenth century, the average population growth rate in North America was 3.65 percent per year; Highest ever measured. This high rate has been reported due to the constant migration of Europeans to that continent, early marriages and very high fertility.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the rate of population growth in the United States was very high, and since then it has been steadily declining throughout the nineteenth century. From 1860 to World War I, the birth rate and immigration rate in the United States declined, reaching an average annual population growth rate of 0.8 percent in the 1940s and 1930s, which was not unaffected by the recession of the 1930s. After the economic recovery and the end of the war, North America also experienced a baby boom period. Since then, population growth in North America has been on the rise until the 1960s. Since 1960, population growth in this region of the world has been declining. The population growth trend in North America has been similar to that in Europe, except that the population growth rate in the United States is higher than in Europe.

Oceania

In the second half of the nineteenth century the total and natural increase of the population in Australia and New Zealand was very high, but at the turn of the twentieth century it began to decline. However, after that, with the correction of the birth rate, the population growth in that community increased. With the exception of the war years, immigration to Australia and New Zealand has continued on a significant scale.

Latin America

Demographic data from the continent indicate that Latin America's population grew rapidly from the second half of the nineteenth century to 1960, and has been declining ever since. The population growth rate of this region between 1980-85 times

2.30 percent per year and in 1989 it was estimated at about 2.10 percent. Mortality rates and high fertility rates are two major factors in population growth in Latin America since the 1930s.

Asia

By the beginning of the twentieth century, population growth in Asia was low and fluctuating. Population growth on the continent began in 1920 and has continued until the 1970s. Since the second half of the twentieth century, population growth rates have been moderate in East Asia, very high in South Asia, and highest in South Central Asia and West Asia.

Africa

Unfortunately, any estimates of population growth in Africa, especially in the sub-Saharan Africa, are based on conjecture due to a lack of statistical information and a lack of reliable records of its history. However, North and South Africa differ as far as demographic trends are concerned, with North Africa's population patterns more or less similar to those of Asia. Population size in sub-Saharan Africa declined until 1800 due to the prevalence of the slave trade. This decline is well reflected in the negative growth of the Black Continent population by 2000. It is estimated that the slave trade operation separated about 50 million slaves from that land. However, population growth in Africa improved in the 19th century, and figures show that population growth in West and East Africa and Central North Africa has been very rapid since the 1950s. The continent currently has the highest birth and death rates in the world.

Causes of rapid population growth

It is clear that only two demographic variables, fertility and mortality, play a major role in increasing world population. Immigration will not play a big role here when it comes to the global scale. When there is a significant difference between the number of births and the number of deaths, the population grows and the increase in the number of births over the number of strengths is known as a natural increase. When we want to find out the reasons for the increase in world population, we must necessarily follow the trend of mortality and fertility in different parts of the world.

Humans, like other species of plants and animals, have the ability to reproduce, and if the flow is not controlled, the result will be an increase in numbers. Until recent years, a lot of fruit was ineffective with a lot of deaths. The human encirclement of famines and diseases, two of the three factors that regulate the number of humans (the third factor of war), have played a significant role in the history of human population growth.

Historical evidence shows that before 1800 AD, the world's population was growing rapidly, meaning rapid fluctuations related to disasters such as famine, chronic food shortages, widespread epidemics and wars. Under normal circumstances, the death rate due to food poverty, poor health and lack of treatment and prevention measures was high. It was only in the nineteenth century that a significant reduction in mortality rates was found in Europe, North America and Oceania. The main reasons for this change were related to achieving the fields of social and economic development, which first followed the agricultural revolution, then the industrial revolution, and finally advances in medical sciences, public health and environmental health, and so on. Decreased mortality and birth control followed population growth in Europe, North America, Oceania, and elsewhere with European culture. This growth has been slow since the 1920s. Much of the world's population growth dates back to the 1950s, which also stemmed from Third World countries. It is noteworthy that many developing countries from the second half of the twentieth century onwards have been able to reduce the death rate in their communities without achieving a certain level of socio-economic development, that is, they have the technology and materials to do so from countries. They imported and adapted them to local conditions. This kind of reduction in death rates in third world countries was rapid and dramatic. The decrease in mortality is not accompanied by a decrease in births in developing countries due to the social customs and beliefs of those societies, and that is the main factor in maintaining high population growth in such countries.

References:

1. A. A. Bhende & T. Kanitkar, Principles of Population Studies, 1988.

 2. 1989 World Population Data sheet, PRB.

3. 1999 World Population Data Sheet, PRB.

Table 8 shows the decline in mortality rates around the world, which in turn leads to an increase in population growth. In other words, such a change in the figures reflects the increasing human encirclement of the environment.

The tangible result of population growth in the developing world, especially in the part where we live, is the creation of issues such as unemployment, rapid urbanization, declining public health, loss of agricultural land, and the loss of resources., Includes environmental disruption and large-scale migration of people across borders.

In this part of the world, drinking water is declining. Although most of the nations in the reion rely on oil, this finite material is also being extracted, consumed, and so on very quickly. Although many nations in the region have no economic support other than oil, the continued rapid population growth is very problematic and dangerous for them.

Population pressures in the Middle East in various forms are inevitable. Despite the high fertility rate in the region, almost half of the population is under the age of fifteen. Annual population growth in the area in 1990 was estimated at 2.8 percent, while the global average was 1.8 percent. This growth rate means that the population of the Middle East will double in 25 years, and places like Iraq, with a population growth of 3.8 percent, will double in just 18 years.

Despite the efforts made by the governments of the region, the uncontrolled growth of the population undermines such efforts, that is, the efforts to achieve economic development. This in itself has widened the gap between rich and poor as living standards have fallen. Tensions arising from urban sprawl and widespread youth unemployment are the main source of rapid and sustained population growth. And has provided an increase in seizures for migrants, such as the return of Egyptian workers from Iraq, Kuwait and ...

Outcome and perspective

After examining population growth trends in the past and the policies that have been implemented about them, demographers have tried to help economic and social development planners in their efforts with their predictions of population in the next few years. This foresight includes more developed, less developed countries and the world at large.

These scientific predictions are known as the basis of development planning. The components of these forecasts, including population size, population in different groups and by region, age, gender, urban and rural distribution, economic activity, level of education, number of households, etc. are used by governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: Estimates and Projections as Assessed in 1984.

The United Nations Population Division has been very active in periodically forecasting the world's population and its structural analysis of both developed and developing areas since its inception after World War II. The world's population has been assessed by the United Nations in terms of high, medium, low and steady growth based on practical methods.

Estimates based on average growth are more likely and optimistic than other growths. Based on the average growth, the world population will reach about 6.3 billion people in 2000, with a high growth of about 6.6 billion people and based on a low growth of 5.8 billion people. The most important point in this section is the slowdown in population growth in the 1970s. The average growth rate, which did not fall below 2% in the 1950s and 1960s, reached 1.8% in the 1970s. Population growth, which has been accompanied by industrial development over the past two centuries, has doubled or even increased the population. The average global population growth rate is expected to decline in the future.

Government planning, population involvement in the balanced development plan, and population and development coordination in recent years have prompted governments to invest more in the population and to manage the population as much as possible in their territories and among nations.

Population

Population is one of the most important issues in the countries of the world, especially the Third World. The Third World accounts for about 80% of the world's total population, while negative population growth has been problematic for developed countries. Population always creates a problem in two ways:

1- Overpopulation This is a problem that countries such as India, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Iran, etc. are currently suffering from. This problem is so great that it has damaged the planning of other countries as well. In fact, it should be said that what has increased the population in these countries is the reduction of mortality and the increase of medical, health, etc. facilities, which has attracted the attention of many social and economic demographers.

2 - Low population: Countries such as Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, etc. are facing such a problem. This has led to a shortage of manpower and active manpower in those societies; In a way, the authorities are worried that they will face the phenomenon of aging in the future, and as a result, they will have a shortage of active and young people. Therefore, we see that some of these communities have opened the way for immigrants to enter their country in order to compensate for the growth rate of their population through this and the subsequent marriages that will take place. Perhaps this is why such countries have readily accepted the issue of immigration and asylum. Also, countries with low population issues are called zero-growth or ZPG countries.

Aspects different characteristics of the population

1- Population size: Population size occurs under appropriate cultural conditions. For example, in rural and agricultural communities or traditional societies, the prevailing cultural conditions cause the population to increase in size. The size of the population was unknown to various communities for a long time, but as soon as the census and census began, they were able to estimate the size of the population. Today, there are organizations and devices that, with the help of planners, determine the size of the bus every ten or five years. Of course, in more developed societies equipped with electronic devices, this size is better and more fully available to the public, especially planners. Conversely, there are countries that are unable to accurately record their population due to the weakness of such devices. are not. For example, the exact number of deaths is not announced. In a place like Iran, because part of the population is reserved for tribes and nomads and they are usually registered late or not registered at all, we do not have the exact size of the population. But in a place like South Korea, due to being equipped with precision devices, accurate population statistics and hour by hour are determined. In fact, the government is the biggest propagandist on this issue.

To do this, population registers have installed clocks on the main squares of many cities, which announce the population minute by minute, and this is a good way to control the population.

As a result, it can be said that population size is related to economic fields, food production, and so on. One of the organizations that emphasizes population is the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAA). The organization conducts research on food production and population, and warns communities that they need to adapt their population to agricultural and food production. Also, some countries receive financial and technical assistance from this organization to solve their food and agricultural problems.

2 - Population organization: This means that in relation to population measurement, there must be an organization and management to be able to figure out the size of the population. For example, in Iran, this is the responsibility of the Statistics Center of Iran, and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education measures fertility and so on. Some countries do not have such a cohesive organization; on the contrary, in countries such as China and South Korea, there is a strong population organization and they have increased their population registration capacity through an advanced registration system. In this way, they have controlled their population and have enacted laws related to immigration and so on. The organization and management of population in industrialized and advanced societies is in excellent condition, and this has led to significant success for them. In Iran, the number of nomadic population was not available until 1987, but this year, following their census, the population of this community was announced as 1,152,000. We know that fluctuating and unstable populations always make planning difficult, ie in educational, economic, welfare facilities, housing, transportation, etc., due to the imbalance between the variables, the planning system with There is a problem. This problem is more prevalent in third world countries.

3- Population distribution: In any society, population distribution is determined according to geographical conditions and its levels, ie it is determined what percentage of people live in rural areas and what percentage in urban areas. Inadequate population distribution affects social and economic conditions, soil and soil conditions, the environment and geographical levels. In fact, one of the most important demographic issues is immigration. Unplanned migration upsets the distribution of the population. In this regard, the issue will be discussed in a separate section. For example, in Iran, due to the uneven distribution of population in urban and rural areas, we face problems, while urban areas can not accommodate 50% of the total population, it has practically accommodated a large number. According to the general population and housing census in 1375, Iran's urban population is estimated at 63% and rural population at 37%, which raises many issues.

Urban populations in industrial societies now account for more than 73% of the total population. It is certain that the large population in cities causes problems such as air and environmental pollution, water and sewage supply, social deviations, housing problems, etc., and in places where economic problems are caused more, the problem will be doubled. , Like Bangladesh, which has problems with its small area and large population. In general, countries should expect more and more problems until there is a reasonable balance between urban and rural populations. The only way to get rid of this problem is to plan properly to control the population and create the right balance.

4- Fertility: One of the new topics in demography is the issue of measuring and controlling fertility, which is about 40-30 years old. It has been about 40 years since the invention of pills, chemical drugs and contraceptives. In other words, access to modern prevention facilities dates back to the early 1950s. All these efforts are only to control the population and try to maintain the balance and proper distribution of human beings. It should be noted that the issue of fertility prevention also raises a psychological issue because many people still do not accept it. Therefore, its establishment and continuation is the responsibility of governments and population organizations, which must create the conditions and atmosphere for acceptance. In a country like Canada, where control has not been serious for 70-60 years, planners in this country have acknowledged that population and fertility control must be prioritized to maintain a high standard of living. Thus, Canada was the first country to begin its demographic control using modern methods about 42 years ago. Finally, it should be emphasized that in order to control the population, people should be asked to observe family planning, and this requires that the relevant institutions, according to the ruling social and political system, provide the psychological and social grounds to do so. Succeed.

5- Mortality: Mortality index is also related to other socio-economic indicators. Today, this index has decreased due to the facilities available in the communities and has caused an increase in population. China, for example, reduced its mortality rate by about 60% during the 1960s and 1990s as health facilities improved, while a significant percentage of children died before the age of five. Canada has also been able to improve its industry, prosperity and economy over the past 40 years under population control.

6. Migration: Migration as one of the three major pillars of demography has attracted the attention of many governments and official organizations today. Some believe that migration should be controlled, because not controlling it will create problems in the socio-economic system. The flow of migration has changed quantitatively and qualitatively over the last 200 years. Before the Industrial Revolution, there was little immigration for some reason. Lack of communication between people, lack of trade in productive living conditions, low population growth rate, etc. are among its important factors. Today, because of economic and social motivation, people tend to make the best use of their efficiency. Also, in the years before 1800 AD, due to the lack of population and means of communication, people born in any country and region had to work in their hometown. It is noteworthy that the largest migrations after the Industrial Revolution followed the development of industry and technology, the existence of health facilities and increasing employment conditions and high production in the United States, and so on. One of the achievements of the economic development of science and technology in the last two centuries has been population growth. That is, when the conditions, food, health facilities, etc. are provided, the population will subsequently increase, and this flow will provide the ground for migration. Therefore, some countries became immigrants. Between 1850 and 1930, about 50 million people emigrated from Europe, mostly to the United States and Australia. In migration, factors such as the age and sex of immigrants are discussed, and usually throughout history, men have first migrated, then women, and ... and in some cases, there has been mass migration. But it is important to know that age also plays an important role in this process. Approximately the highest rate of migration occurs between the ages of 16 and 35, and this rate decreases between the ages of 35 and 25. In addition, many people move before they start a family, and these movements are usually before the age of 18 to 20. Studies show that most people who immigrate have fewer children.

Migration over the past few decades has led to the brain drain and displacement. That is, the flow of technological and industrial competition, which led to the purchase of specialties, also attracted talented people, and usually third world countries were among the first immigrants. This has led to the saturation of immigrant countries in terms of efficient and specialized people. After the Industrial Revolution and the middle of the twentieth century, the intellectual class or the elite class became immigrants in some countries, but today the brain drain is less than in the past because with the advancement of technology and the advent of computers in industrialized countries, such countries with increasing power Work and expert are encountered. As a result, the need for people has diminished, meaning that the computer revolution has prevented brain drain and migration.

Labor force and population

The number and size of labor force helps socio-economic planners in any society, and its characteristics, size, and forecast for the future are obtained by demographers through demographics and sampling. "Active force" is a population aged 15-64 years that has the ability to work and employment compared to the total population of the community. In societies, there is a difference between the labor force and the authorized labor force. In other words, in densely populated societies, the working age starts from 10-9 years old, and sometimes in some societies, such as Iran, India, Pakistan, and nomadic societies, children under the age of 10 are also employed. Since this issue itself has social and economic consequences, we see that a section has been established in the United Nations called the International Labor Organization (ILO), whose job is to address the issue of labor, manpower, migration migration., Defending the rights of employees, increasing the welfare of work and ...

"Over the last few years, there has been a major shift in the workforce in developing countries, the most important of which has been the rising trend in working age." In many cases, countries are advised to set the starting age of work above 15, and violating it carries penalties. In this regard, the United Nations raises the issue of literacy and emphasizes that forced persons must become literate. In such cases, work is not allowed until the age of 15. Also, the issue of occupational health, monitoring of labor rights, reduction of working hours, etc. are also considered. In industrialized and developed societies, working hours are estimated at 6-8 hours per day, and in many industrialized countries weekends have been reduced to two days or more, due to demographic, social and economic order.

In conclusion, it can be said that the International Labor Organization or "defenders of labor rights" at the highest level, have considered the issue of welfare, labor and the welfare of working people, and this issue has led to some rights The issue of labor insurance and support of individuals through insurance has also been considered. In demography, some characteristics of the labor force are examined, such as the level of participation of people in the labor force and economic sectors, the amount and number of people employed in different sectors of a society in terms of age, gender, and so on. Measuring the unemployment rate is also one of the topics studied in economic and social demographics. In demography, three types of unemployment are examined and measured, namely:

1- Rural unemployed; 2 - Urban unemployed; 3- Educated unemployed.

One of the issues raised by the International Labor Organization (ILO) is the defense of individuals in society in finding work and achieving a kind of economic independence, but in an unbalanced socio-demographic situation in which many nations are plunged into a state of disarray and resentment. It is not easy to achieve such an ideal.

Importance and applications of demography

Economic and social applications of demography and its role in planning

Different can be reflected in the following cases, ie involved in solving the following areas:

1- Health: One of the prerequisites for health planning at the community level is having demographic information on economic and social issues. Based on this information, statistics of different age and sex groups are determined. Health organizations plan based on demographic information. In demographic information, in addition to population statistics, other indicators such as fertility, family planning, health coverage, physician to population ratio, hospital bed to population ratio, mortality rates, health care centers, immunization and vaccination, how to use The water is safe and is being tested.

2 - Nutrition: Planning for food production and its supply is based on demographic information. What is certain is that in the past, due to the traditional nature of communities, livelihoods were provided through agriculture and animal husbandry, and therefore, there was no need for nutrition planning, but today many people work in various sectors of agriculture, industry and services. . The diversity of these sectors requires the diversity of nutrients that must be provided. Today, various organizations state their needs based on statistics. For example, the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which usually conducts general and collective surveys, requires population indicators. In addition, people's longevity and nutrition are related to food, one aspect of which is population issues. The increase in food per capita depends on the proportion of the population in the community. The per capita daily caloric intake of food as a food index of the population varied between 1733 in the African country of Chad and 3682 in the United States in 1995.

3- Employment: Employment planning is closely related to the subject of socio-economic demography. Today, demographers focus on the views of various organizations on the issue of population and employment. Currently, one of the problems of developing countries is the problem and unemployment crisis, which itself has various consequences, including social deviations, crimes, delinquency, addiction, and so on. In fact, healthy and full employment prevents these unfortunate consequences.

4- Education: Today, many fields of socio-economic development depend on having a healthy and inclusive education system. A society is in a better condition that has a more inclusive level in terms of education and its illiteracy rate is very low. And if it is being eradicated, of course, a society that is facing a population problem and an uncontrolled increase in population, it will not be possible to cover the education of all people. One of the most important issues in Third World countries is the mismatch between population growth and educational facilities.

5. Housing: Housing planning is another area of ​​demography. In fact, through population and housing censuses, housing rates and shortages are determined. Therefore, with demographic recommendations, the problems that have arisen can be partially solved. For example, the problem of housing shortages, marginalization and suburbanization, creates tents and non-standard areas in urban areas. In places like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, some parts of Latin America, etc., the problem of population and lack of housing has caused a series of social problems, deviations and social pollution. In general, as a result of the growing demand for housing, land prices, wood, cement, building materials, fuel, etc., beyond the financial position of many of the world's population of more than 6 billion, housing more than ever in the past for the sector A large part of the world's population has become an issue.

6-Migration: Through demographic information, the subject and flow of migration can be predicted and studied. Large crowds inevitably create migration. This issue can play a role in socio-economic planning. Because families and households form the basis of economic growth, social development, and personal development, and because national policies and international conditions provide the basis for individual decision-making, all of these currents are specific to population growth status, fertility, They make family planning policies, etc., the very foundation of migration - the very population that is most vulnerable in the host society. Economic and social demographics recommend the fact that the living and working conditions of immigrants should be protected.

Age and sex structure of the population

Age and gender dimensions are the most important demographic characteristics that are very important in low and high population. In a society, there should be a relatively reasonable proportion of women and men. Sometimes, under the influence of economic, social, cultural conditions, etc., the age structure of the population changes. The sexual structure of the population is also determined by the sex ratio index.

"Sex ratio is the number of men for every 100 women." he does. Sex ratio is also somewhat different in urban and rural areas. The gender ratio is also different in the context of being a first-time immigrant in a society where men migrate. This ratio takes different forms during life and at different ages under the influence of economic, social and cultural conditions. In rural areas, sex is in the interest of men as women get older. Women are more vulnerable for the various reasons mentioned above. As a result, women usually die earlier than men in developing societies, but this is reversed in industrialized countries, and even women live longer than men.

Another issue with the high sex ratio is the difference in the number of women and men in the census. This means that in many statistics, women are not counted in some cases. In rural areas, due to cultural beliefs and values, the birth of girls is sometimes not recorded, which in turn changes the sexual ratio. In addition, the high mortality rate of girls due to neglect and sometimes lack of attention to them, itself plays a role in sex ratio. Today, sociologists believe that in the development of societies, this ratio should be kept in balance.

Different population characteristics such as age structure, sex ratio, age groups and many more must be in proportion in order to expect to expect suitable results. If so, the psychology including good manners and behavior will be inspired and affected. Generally speaking, due to the emergence of new science and technology, social change ever emerge, affecting the mental health of the people, and because of the lifestyles of different people and age groups in various categories, they are affected. Therefore, people's lives are subject to change more than any time before. Earlier generations would remain more stable and unchanged, but since the industrial revolution, generations have become highly flexible towards change materially and non-materially, psychologically and socially.