Translational medicine areas include areas aimed at applying the results of basic research to develop new methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases. The main areas of translational medicine are, firstly, personalized medicine — development of individual approaches to treatment based on the patient’s genetic, molecular and clinical information. Secondly, molecular diagnostics — creation of methods for identifying biomarkers and genetic markers of diseases for early diagnosis and monitoring. Thirdly, genomics and genetics — study of the genetic basis of diseases and development of genetically targeted therapies. Fourthly, biomedical engineering and regenerative medicine — creation of artificial organs, tissues and cellular technologies to restore body functions. Fifthly, digital medicine and big data — use of information technology, artificial intelligence and analytics to process clinical data and optimize treatment. Sixth, cellular and molecular therapies — development of new therapies based on the use of stem cells, monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy. Seventh, transition from laboratory research to clinical practice — creation of conditions for rapid implementation of new therapies and diagnostic methods in healthcare. These areas contribute to more precise, effective and personalized medicine, improving the quality of life of patients and increasing the effectiveness of treatment processes.

1.Introduction

The history of the formation of translational medicine is the development of a new interdisciplinary field that combines fundamental scientific research and clinical practice for the rapid implementation of innovative methods in healthcare. This process has gone through several key stages: 

1. The initial stage (1960-1980s). During this period, ideas about the need to integrate laboratory research with practical healthcare began to form. The first models of translational science appeared, focused on transferring the results of fundamental research to the clinic. 

2. Development of the concept of translational medicine (1990-2000s).The term "translational medicine" began to be widely used to describe the process of transferring scientific discoveries into new diagnostic and therapeutic methods.At this time, the first large national programs and initiatives appeared, such as the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), which began funding interdisciplinary projects. 

3. The explosion of information technology and globalization (2010s).The development of information technology, bioinformatics and telemedicine have accelerated the exchange of data between researchers and clinicians around the world. International platforms, conferences and collaboration networks have emerged to facilitate the unification of efforts. 

4. Modern translational medicine. Today, it is an interdisciplinary field that includes genomics, personalized medicine, artificial intelligence and big data, which allows for the rapid implementation of scientific research achievements into clinical practice at the global level [1-2]. 5. Key factors in its formation: 

- The need to reduce the time between the discovery of scientific facts and their application in the treatment of patients. 

- Development of interdisciplinary teams and international cooperation. 

Implementation of new technologies in medicine and research. 

Thus, the history of the formation of translational medicine is the history of the gradual unification of science and clinic in order to increase the efficiency and speed of innovation in healthcare around the world.

Translational medicine in Russia is a modern approach to healthcare development that combines innovative medical technologies, scientific research and clinical practice to improve the efficiency of diagnostics, treatment and prevention of diseases.This includes the integration of advanced scientific achievements into everyday medical practice, which allows for more personalized and high-quality patient care. The main areas of translational medicine in Russia include: 

1. Development of scientific research and clinical trials — creating conditions for the rapid implementation of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, conducting international and national clinical trials. 

2. Creation of innovative medical centers and clusters — such as national medical research centers, scientific and educational complexes that integrate scientific developments and clinical practice. 

3. Use of advanced technologies — genomics, digital medicine, artificial intelligence, robotics and telemedicine to improve the accuracy of diagnostics and the effectiveness of treatment. 

4. Education and training — advanced training of doctors, training in new methods and technologies, development of interdisciplinary teams. 

In Russia, translational medicine is developing with the support of the state, within the framework of healthcare development strategies and scientific programs. Particular attention is paid to creating conditions for the rapid implementation of innovations, developing infrastructure, and creating conditions for international cooperation in the field of medical research and practice.This area continues to develop dynamically, which contributes to an increase in the level of medical care, a decrease in mortality, and an improvement in the quality of life of the population.

Translational medicine in China is a dynamically developing field focused on the rapid implementation of scientific achievements into clinical practice to improve the efficiency of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.As part of China's healthcare strategy, translational medicine plays an important role in modernizing the healthcare system, integrating advanced technologies and stimulating innovation.The main features and areas of translational medicine in China include: 

1. Development of innovative technologies - the use of genomic research, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology to create new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. 

2. Personalized medicine - the active implementation of genetic and molecular data to individualize the treatment of various diseases, including oncology, cardiology and neurology. 

3. Interdisciplinary collaboration - the combination of biomedical sciences, engineering technologies, information systems and clinical practice to accelerate the translation of research. 4. Government support and initiatives - government programs such as the National Scientific and Technological Innovation Plan and the establishment of special innovation development zones promote the development of translational medicine. 

5. Establishment of research platforms and pilot clinics - to test and implement new methods in real clinical practice. 

6. International cooperation - China's active participation in global translational medicine projects, exchange of experience and technology. 

The goal of China's strategy is to reduce the gap between scientific discoveries and their implementation in clinical practice, improve the quality of medical care and ensure public health using advanced technologies and innovative approaches. The key institutions and programs promoting translational medicine in China are the National Science and Technology Center for Biomedical Technology, universities and research centers, as well as large pharmaceutical companies

Translational medicine (or translational science) in the USA is a field of medicine focused on translating research findings into clinical practice to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. This concept involves close collaboration between scientists, clinicians, and industry to rapidly introduce new methods and technologies into healthcare.The main areas of translational medicine in the USA include: 

1. Development of new drugs and therapies — from laboratory research to clinical trials and their implementation into practice. 

2. Personalized medicine — using genetic information to individually select treatment. 

3. Using big data and artificial intelligence technologies — for diagnosis, prognosis, and development of new treatments [3-10]. 

4. Interdisciplinary collaboration — combining biomedical sciences, engineering, information technology, and other fields. 

Translational medicine institutions in the United States are leading research, clinical, and educational organizations that specialize in the rapid implementation of new medical technologies and research into practice to improve the quality and effectiveness of health care. These institutions play a key role in the development of innovative methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases, as well as in the training of specialists. Key translational medicine institutions in the United States include: 

1. National Institutes of Health (NIH): 

- The main federal agency that funds and coordinates medical research. 

- Within the NIH, there are numerous clinical centers and programs focused on the translation of scientific achievements into practice (for example, NIH Clinical Centers). 

2. National Cancer Institute (NCI): 

- A leading center for cancer research and clinical trials, integrating research with clinical practice. 

3. The Johns Hopkins Medicine:

- Johns Hopkins University is known for its clinical centers and laboratories that actively implement the latest scientific advances in treatment and diagnostics. 

4. Mayo Clinic: 

- Mayo Clinic is one of the world's leading hospitals, which combines clinical practice with active scientific activity and translational research. 

5. Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH): 

- Boston Massachusetts General Hospital is a leading medical school of Harvard University, known for its clinical research programs and the implementation of innovations. 

6. Stanford Medicine: 

- Stanford University integrates scientific research, clinic and educational programs, actively developing the fields of genomics, digital medicine and biotechnology. 

7. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center: 

- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is a leading research and clinical center specializing in translational research, especially in cardiology, oncology and neurology. 

8. Private and Academic Translational Research Centers: 

- Numerous university and private centers across the country, such as UCSF (University of California, San Francisco), Cleveland Clinic, and others, are creating the infrastructure for the rapid translation of scientific discoveries into clinical practice. 

These institutions often collaborate within the framework of national programs and initiatives (for example, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences - NCATS), which combine efforts to accelerate the translation of research into clinical practice. As a result, the United States is a leader in the field of translational medicine, constantly developing innovative approaches and technologies. 

In the United States, the key institutions and programs supporting translational medicine are the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Institute for Medical Research (NCATS), as well as private foundations and pharmaceutical companies. This strategy is aimed at reducing the gap between scientific discoveries and their practical application, which contributes to the effectiveness of healthcare and the improvement of the quality of life of the population.

5. Global Translational Medicine 

Global translational medicine is a direction in medicine aimed at uniting the efforts of international scientific, medical and regulatory organizations for the rapid and effective implementation of innovative medical achievements around the world [11]. Its main goal is to reduce the gap between discoveries in laboratory research and their practical application in different countries and regions, thereby improving the level of healthcare at the global level. The main aspects of global translational medicine include: 

1. International cooperation and knowledge exchange: 

- Creation of global platforms for the exchange of clinical data, research and technology. 

- Joint international projects, clinical trials and regulatory initiatives. 

2. Unification of standards and regulatory procedures: 

- Development of international guidelines and standards for the safety, effectiveness and ethics of the introduction of new methods and drugs. 

- Simplification of the approval processes for innovations to accelerate their availability around the world. 

3. Availability of innovative technologies and therapies: 

- Ensuring equal access to new diagnostic and treatment methods for different countries, especially for developing regions. 

- Overcoming economic, logistical and infrastructural barriers. 

4. Transnational research initiatives: 

- Pooling resources and data to conduct large-scale studies covering different populations and regions. 

- Research on global problems, such as infectious diseases, cancer, rare pathologies. 

5. Education and training: 

- Exchange of knowledge between international specialists, holding joint trainings and conferences. 

- Improving the level of competence in the field of translational medicine around the world. 

6. Ethical and social aspects: 

- Ensuring compliance with ethical standards in international research. 

- Consideration of cultural and social characteristics of different regions when introducing new technologies. 

Global translational medicine contributes to faster dissemination of advanced methods and technologies, increasing the effectiveness of the fight against global health challenges, such as pandemics, chronic diseases and social inequalities in access to health services. As a result, it helps create a more integrated, universal and equitable health system on the planet.

Medicine Regenerative engineering and translational medicine are interdisciplinary fields aimed at restoring or replacing damaged or lost tissues and organs using modern technologies and biological approaches [12]. Regenerative engineering includes the creation of biomaterials, cellular technologies and methods for stimulating tissue regeneration. Key areas: 

- Development of biocompatible skeletal and soft tissue matrices. 

- Use of stem cells to form new tissues. 

- 3D printing technologies for creating organs and tissues according to individual models. 

- Bioengineering of vessels and tissues. 

In the context of regenerative engineering, translational medicine deals with: 

- Development of new treatment methods based on cellular and biomaterial technologies. 

- Conducting clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of new methods. 

- Implementation of innovative solutions in medical practice and their scaling. 

The common goal of both areas is to improve the effectiveness of treatment of severe diseases, injuries and degenerative processes, reduce recovery time and improve the quality of life of patients. Joint work contributes to the development of such technologies as artificial organs, bioprostheses, tissue modules and personalized approaches to therapy.

Cardiovascular translational medicine is a field in medicine aimed at the rapid implementation of modern scientific achievements and innovative technologies in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).This area combines fundamental research, clinical practice and technological developments in order to improve the effectiveness of medical care for patients with heart and vascular diseases.Key features of cardiovascular translational medicine include: 

1. Interdisciplinary approach - combining cardiology, genetics, bioinformatics, engineering and other sciences to find new methods of diagnosis and therapy. 

2. Use of modern technologies - application of biomarkers, genomic data, artificial intelligence, telemedicine and wearable devices to monitor patients' condition and provide timely intervention. 

3. Personalized medicine - development of individual treatment strategies based on genetic information, risk factors and clinical data. 

4. International cooperation - knowledge exchange, joint clinical trials and regulatory approval of new methods. 

The goal of cardiovascular translational medicine is to reduce morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases by rapidly introducing new scientific discoveries into clinical practice, improving the quality of diagnostics and the effectiveness of treatment. Key areas of development include the creation of new biomarkers for early diagnostics, the development of interventional cardiology methods, genetic research and the introduction of digital technologies in monitoring and treating patients.

Treatment Translational medicine plays an important role in the treatment of cancer diseases, combining the results of fundamental research with clinical practice to develop new methods of diagnosis, therapy and prevention of cancer. The main areas of use of translational medicine in oncology include: 

1. Identification and use of biomarkers - development of molecular and genetic markers for early diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of tumor treatment. 

2. Personalized treatment - selection of therapy based on the genetic profile of each patient's tumor, which increases effectiveness and reduces side effects. 

3. Genomics and molecular diagnostics - analysis of genetic mutations and molecular characteristics of tumors to determine optimal therapeutic strategies. 

4. Targeted therapy - development of drugs aimed at specific molecular targets, which allows for more accurate treatment of cancer cells. 

5. Immunotherapy — the use of immune-based methods, including monoclonal antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors, to activate the immune system against the tumor. 

6. Development of new technologies and models — the creation of cellular and tissue models, as well as the use of platforms for testing new drugs and treatments. 

7. Monitoring and prognosis — the use of liquid biopsy and analysis of circulating tumor DNA to track disease dynamics and assess the effectiveness of therapy in real time. 

These areas allow not only more accurate diagnosis and treatment of oncological diseases, but also the development of new approaches, which helps to increase the survival rate and quality of life of patients [13-16].

International translational medicine is a direction in medicine that combines clinical practice, scientific research and technological innovations with the aim of quickly introducing new diagnostic and treatment methods into everyday medical practice around the world. The main idea is to transfer knowledge, experience and technology between research centers, clinics and specialists from different countries to improve the quality of medical care, accelerate the development of new drugs and therapies.Key components of international translational medicine include: 

1. International cooperation and knowledge exchange - creating platforms for joint research, conferences and publications. 

2. Using modern technologies - telemedicine, online consultations, virtual simulations and training. 

3. Clinical trials - international conduct of clinical studies to test the effectiveness of new methods and drugs. 

4. Standardization and regulatory approval - development of uniform standards and procedures for the introduction of new technologies and drugs. 

Modern achievements of international translational medicine cover various areas aimed at accelerating the introduction of innovative methods and technologies into clinical practice. Key achievements in this area: 

- Genomics and genetic diagnostics enable the development of individual therapeutic strategies. 

- Use of biomarkers to predict treatment effectiveness and monitor disease progression. 

- Rapid transfer of new laboratory studies into clinical practice. 

- Development of new drugs and treatment methods based on the results of fundamental research. 

- Use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to analyze medical data [17-18]. 

- Implementation of robotic systems in surgery and diagnostics. 

- Development of nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery. 

- Expanding the capabilities of remote patient monitoring. 

- Implementation of mobile applications and devices for self-monitoring of health. 

- Creation of global platforms for the exchange of clinical data and research. 

- Participation in international clinical trials and consortia. 

- Development of international standards and guidelines for the ethical use of new technologies. 

- Simplification of procedures for the introduction of new drugs and treatment methods. 

These achievements contribute to more effective diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases, improving the quality of medical care on a global level [19]. The goal of international translational medicine is to ensure the availability of innovative treatments and diagnostics for patients worldwide, improve the efficiency of healthcare and reduce time and financial barriers to the implementation of new medical advances.