ClinicReview Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2835-7957/033
The Use of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Animal Diseases and Injuries
- Ziad Ahmad Alabdallah *
Department of Anatomy -Histology and Embryology, Al Furat University, Deirez-ZOR, College of Veterinary, Syria.
*Corresponding Author: Ziad Ahmad Alabdallah, Department of Anatomy -Histology and Embryology, Al Furat University, Deirez-ZOR, College of Veterinary, Syria.
Citation: Ziad A. Alabdallah (2023), The Use of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Animal Diseases and Injuries, Clinical Reviews and Case Reports, 2(4); DOI:10.31579/2835-7957/033
Copyright: © 2023, Ziad Ahmad Alabdallah. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 17 July 2023 | Accepted: 02 August 2023 | Published: 09 August 2023
Keywords: stem cells; regenerative therapy; injuries; diseases
Abstract
Stem cells are considered a scientific renaissance because of their use in regenerative therapy and diseases in the field of veterinary medicine. Therefore, it is necessary to learn about their types and sources, how to take, preserve, and store them, methods of use, and the mechanism of their impact on injuries and diseases that affect animals that may not respond to conventional treatment.
Introduction
Although stem cells (SCs) are undifferentiated cells, they can change into other cell types to perform a variety of tasks. The therapeutic use of stem cells in veterinary medicine makes use of their capacity to differentiate into various cell types. SCs come from four primary sources: embryos, fetuses, umbilical cords, and adult body cells. Once more, stem cells are divided into totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent, and unipotent categories depending on their capacity to differentiate. Multipotent ASCs are employed in treatments because they are easier to get and grow from a variety of sources, have lower immunogenicity, and don't run the danger of developing teratomas. SCs have been used to treat a variety of issues in animals, including heart problems, diabetes mellitus, tendonitis, ligament defects, wounds, cartilage defects, and spinal injuries. However, due to their dynamic complexity, biology, potential for teratoma formation, and histocompatibility, clinical uses of stem cells are constrained. Despite the fact that many degenerative conditions are difficult to treat because they don't respond to current medications, the therapeutic use of stem cells in veterinary medicine hasn't been generally adopted. This manuscript's goal is to discuss the therapeutic use of stem cells in the regeneration of a wide range of difficult illnesses that are not responding to conventional forms of treatment.
Main text:
Types of stem cells
The two primary types of stem cells used in contemporary regenerative treatment are allogeneic and autologous. Experts throughout the world are constantly debating the differences in the safety and efficacy of using these cells in treatment. Depending on the donor-recipient connection, MSCs can be classified as being of allogeneic, autologous, or xenogeneic origin. The individual receiving allogeneic cells belongs to the same species as the donor. Successful in vitro production of these cells reduces the duration of the therapy significantly as compared to autologous cells. Horses were given therapeutic injections of the antlerogenic stem cells MIC-1 (obtained from a deer), and injured rabbits had the cells experimentally implanted into their tissues. [75].
Isolation and purification of stem cells
Practically any tissue in a living body can be efficiently harvested to produce mesenchymal stem cells. Nevertheless, the best results are obtained when cells are isolated from adult tissues like adipose tissue (AD-MSCs), bone marrow (BM-MSCs), peripheral blood (PB-MSCs), or fetal tissue like the placenta (P-MSCs), umbilical cord blood (UCB-MSCs), or umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) [7;26]. This is a result of these cells' capacity for proliferation and differentiation. It was found that the type of cells, based on their origin, has a significant impact on both their capacity for in vivo differentiation and their physiologically significant properties [100]. When selecting the source of those cells, a crucial factor to take into account is how the MSCs will be used in the therapy. Similar to human medicine, one of the most extensively studied sources of MSC origin in veterinary medicine is bone marrow [39]. Unfortunately, gathering the samples requires an invasive procedure done while the animals are sedated, with or without local anesthetic in the case of dogs, and under general anesthesia in the case of horses. Both of these procedures have a risk of postoperative complications, including infection and/or hemorrhage [73]. A number of significant inadvertent cardio-thoracic punctures have been reported [45]. as well as nonfatal pneumopericardium in horses [29;44]. But with these animals, there is little to no risk of the aforementioned issues when doing the BM-MSC collection procedure on a standing animal. The 4th or 5th sternebra is the best place to perform a sternal biopsy with a Jamshidi needle, according to current consensus [24; 47]. Age-related declines in the number of BM-MSCs, which make up a relatively small percentage of all bone marrow stromal mononuclear cells [77]. The donor's previously removed aspirate is used for MSC passage and culture in vitro. The maximum number of cultivated MSCs that can be passed through four times determines the exact therapeutic amount of MSCs. This culture goes through several stages, including starting the culture, cell growth, media changes, and finishing the culture by identifying the cell phenotype. Despite the fact that research first concentrated on MSCs produced from bone marrow, the large concentration of MSCs in adipose tissues (100–1000 times that in bone marrow) led to the use of adipose-derived MSCs in regenerative stem cell treatment [15;66;109]. The need for numerous purification processes to exclude non-MSC cell types (such as hematopoietic stem cells and blood cells) when collecting chicken MSCs using bone marrow from non-compact bone sources is one of the main problems [48]. These methods of purification frequently result in cytotoxicity, modifications to MSC functioning, and poor MSC yields [103]. There haven't been any reports of MSCs isolated from chicken compact bones, which might circumvent these restrictions because there aren't as many contaminating cell types [74]. Hematopoietic stem cells and MSCs are the two principal stem cell groups that exist in bone marrow [74; 108]. The contamination of blood cells and hematopoietic stem cells that results from the isolation of MSCs from bone marrow is a severe disadvantage. The MSC population extracted from bone marrow has been purified or enriched using a variety of methods, including density gradient centrifugation and preferential attachment to culture plastic [105], antibody-based cell sorting and the application of ficole to remove blood cells [30;97], techniques for low- and high-density cultivation [31], as well as regular media change [88]. However, there are a number of drawbacks to these techniques for purifying MSCs that have been isolated from bone marrow. A phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous cell population might be produced via preferential attachment to cell culture plates [95]. Using immune depletion strategies decreased the expression of several genes involved in cell growth and cell cycle progression [3]. Insulin-like growth factor or leukemia inhibitory factor exposure of MSCs obtained from immunodepleted cells reversibly decreased the cells' capacity to develop into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts in vitro [3]. Only around 27 fibrobalstoid colonies of 5 or more cells were produced using low-density culture out of a total of 200 culture discs [102]. Multiple multi-lineage MSCs were recovered from hematopoietic cells using cell sorting techniques, but these MSCs had less osteogenic capacity and less clonogenicity than unilinear MSCs [97]. MSCs can be easily and cheaply extracted from compact bones, eliminating the need for further purification procedures and lowering the risk of hematopoietic cell contamination in isolated cultures [41;108].
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Diagram to show a catheter placed into the proximal femur | Taking stem cells from the pelvic bone in dogs |
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Taking stem cells from the pelvic bone and femur in dogs | Taking stem cells from the humerus of dogs |
Preservation and storage of stem cells
To get enough MSCs for clinical usage, they must be separated and grown in vitro for therapeutic use. It may occasionally be necessary to apply a second or third time; however, prolonged culture before therapeutic use is not advised since the cells might lose their stemness characteristics and get contaminated with germs. For these reasons, it is highly helpful to cryopreserve these cells in order to obtain a fast and regulated supply of many autologous stem cells that maintain the vitality and pluripotent phenotype of the freshly separated cells while maintaining the unmodified properties of the cells. Di Bella et al. [25] assessed the outcomes of a 7-year cryopreservation procedure utilizing 10% DMSO and various FBS concentrations (ranging from 10% to 90%). In both fresh and thawed cells, the phenotypes of morphology, cell viability, differentiation, and proliferative capacity, as well as the expression of pluripotency markers, were examined. According to the results of this investigation, canine adipose tissue MSCs that were cryopreserved with more than 50
Conclusion:
This review aims to highlight the importance of using stem cells in the treatment of many injuries and diseases in different animals when conventional treatment does not have any effect on the pathological condition and stem cell therapy can be combined with conventional treatment in order for the therapeutic results to be faster, thus preserving the health of the animal and its productive capacity.
Acknowledgment
None.
Acknowledgment
None.
Conflict of Interest
None.
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